Simulators

Characteristics

Validation

Efficacy

VOXEL-MAN Tempo Surgery

Stereoscopic display, haptic drill, foot pedal

Yes [16]

·   Pre-post study

·   Significantly improved OSATs score

Mediseus surgical simulator

Stereoscopic display, haptic drill, haptic suction, auditory and visual feedback

Yes [9]

·   RCTs

·   Significantly improved procedural score

Virtual simulation for temporal bone dissection

Stereoscopic display, haptic feedback

Yes [19]

·   RCTs

·   Comparable to cadaveric temporal bone dissection training

Virtual surgical training system for middle ear surgery

Stereoscopic display, haptic feedback, visual feedback

Yes [17]

·   Not available

Virtual reality temporal bone dissection simulator

Haptic feedback [18]

No

·   Not available