Simulators | Characteristics | Validation | Efficacy |
VOXEL-MAN Tempo Surgery | Stereoscopic display, haptic drill, foot pedal | Yes [16] | · Pre-post study · Significantly improved OSATs score |
Mediseus surgical simulator | Stereoscopic display, haptic drill, haptic suction, auditory and visual feedback | Yes [9] | · RCTs · Significantly improved procedural score |
Virtual simulation for temporal bone dissection | Stereoscopic display, haptic feedback | Yes [19] | · RCTs · Comparable to cadaveric temporal bone dissection training |
Virtual surgical training system for middle ear surgery | Stereoscopic display, haptic feedback, visual feedback | Yes [17] | · Not available |
Virtual reality temporal bone dissection simulator | Haptic feedback [18] | No | · Not available |